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Chlamydophila pneumoniae
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of ''Chlamydophila'', an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects humans and is a major cause of pneumonia. It was known as the Taiwan acute respiratory agent (TWAR) from the names of the two original isolates – Taiwan (TW-183) and an acute respiratory isolate designated AR-39.〔http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mayer/chlamyd.htm〕 Until recently, it was known as ''Chlamydia pneumoniae,'' and that name is used as an alternate in some sources. In some cases, to avoid confusion, both names are given.〔 〕
''C. pneumoniae'' has a complex life cycle and must infect another cell to reproduce; thus, it is classified as an obligate intracellular pathogen. The full genome sequence for ''C. pneumoniae'' was published in 1999. It also infects and causes disease in koalas, emerald tree boas (''Corallus caninus''), iguanas, chameleons, frogs, and turtles.
The first known case of infection with ''C. pneumoniae'' was a case of conjunctivitis in Taiwan in 1950. This atypical bacterium commonly causes pharyngitis, bronchitis and atypical pneumonia in addition to several other possible diseases.〔Lang, B. R., ''Chlamydia pneumonia'' as a differential diagnosis? Follow-up to a case report on progressive pneumonitis in an adolescent, ''Patient Care'', Sept. 15, 1991〕〔Little, Linda, Elusive pneumonia strain frustrates many clinicians, ''Medical Tribune'', p. 6, September 19, 1991〕
== Life cycle and method of infection ==
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a small gram negative bacterium (0.2 to 1 μm) that undergoes several transformations during its life cycle. It exists as an elementary body (EB) between hosts. The EB is not biologically active, but is resistant to environmental stresses and can survive outside a host for a limited time. The EB travels from an infected person to the lungs of an uninfected person in small droplets and is responsible for infection. Once in the lungs, the EB is taken up by cells in a pouch called an endosome by a process called phagocytosis. However, the EB is not destroyed by fusion with lysosomes, as is typical for phagocytosed material. Instead, it transforms into a reticulate body (RB) and begins to replicate within the endosome. The reticulate bodies must use some of the host's cellular metabolism to complete its replication. The reticulate bodies then convert back to elementary bodies and are released back into the lung, often after causing the death of the host cell. The EBs are thereafter able to infect new cells, either in the same organism or in a new host. Thus, the lifecycle of ''C. pneumoniae'' is divided between the elementary body, which is able to infect new hosts but cannot replicate, and the reticulate body, which replicates but is not able to cause new infection.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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